Which path loss models are used for wireless design?

From RF Design Wiki · By the RF Design Wiki editorial team · Published October 21, 2026 · Last reviewed October 21, 2026 · How we research

Real-world path loss is modeled with the log-distance form PL(d) = PL(d₀) + 10n·log10(d/d₀) + X_σ, where n is the path-loss exponent (2 in free space, typically 2.7–3.5 in urban cellular, up to 4–6 in obstructed buildings) and X_σ is log-normal shadowing.^[1] Empirical models such as Okumura–Hata fit measured data for specific environments.^[2]

What is the Okumura–Hata model?

For urban areas: L = 69.55 + 26.16·log10 f − 13.82·log10 h_b − a(h_m) + (44.9 − 6.55·log10 h_b)·log10 d dB, with f in MHz (150–1500), h_b base-station height 30–200 m, h_m mobile height 1–10 m, d in km (1–20), and a correction a(h_m) for city size. Suburban and open-area corrections are subtracted.^[2]

What models cover other cases?

COST-231 Hata: extends Hata to 1500–2000 MHz.
ITU-R P.1238: indoor propagation, with floor penetration factors.
ITU-R P.1546 / P.452: point-to-area and interference prediction.
3GPP TR 38.901: 0.5–100 GHz channel models for UMa, UMi, InH, RMa scenarios, including LOS probability and spatial parameters.
Ray tracing: site-specific deterministic prediction.

How should models be used?

Use them within their validity ranges, add shadowing margin for the required coverage probability (e.g., 1.28σ for 90% at the cell edge assuming log-normal), and calibrate with drive-test measurements where possible.^[1]

Frequently asked questions

What path-loss exponent should I use indoors?

Values from about 1.6 (corridor waveguiding) to 4–6 (heavily obstructed) have been measured; measure if possible.

Is Hata valid at 2.4 GHz?

No; it was fitted for 150–1500 MHz.

What is shadowing?

Slow variation in mean received power due to obstacles, modeled as log-normal.

References

Online sources accessed October 21, 2026; printed works cited by edition. See all sources.

“Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed.”. T. S. Rappaport, Prentice Hall. 2002.
“Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services”. M. Hata, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 317-325. August 1980.

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